How To Write an Attention-Grabbing Essay Introduction

Instructions to Write an Attention-Grabbing Essay Introduction Instructions to Write an Attention-Grabbing Essay Introduction Articles are a type of scholastic composition to make different contentions. They are intended to teach and illuminate. Despite the fact that articles are scholarly in nature, they don't need to be exhausting. Catching your reader’s eye can assist you with expressing what is on your mind, and keep your educator alert as s/he peruses your words. Here are a couple of tips that may help: Incorporate an Anecdote Tales are brief tales about genuine occasions proposed to come to a meaningful conclusion. Including some little subtleties is an intriguing method to collect peruser consideration. Keep the tale short, sweet, and forthright. Utilize a story appropriately (however sparingly) in an exposition prologue to utilize it to the fullest impact. Use Substantiated Information The data you refer to must be real and supported by research, and doesn’t fundamentally should be new. Bolster your contention with realities that are express and direct. Expound your point with a couple of sentences to harden your contention. Have a Dialog Great discourse can pass on a point in a one of a kind way that connects with the peruser. It is a method that speaks to a contention between two inconspicuous â€Å"characters.† Use a short trade between restricting perspectives, and keep it brief. You would then be able to clarify/depict/rehash the discussion and raise different issues for conversation. Sum up A couple, last sentences in the exposition acquaintance will permit you with wrap up your thoughts basically and unmistakably before you dispatch into increasingly meaningful segment of the composition. Composing an article can be a pleasant method to investigate differing conclusions on a subject. Making the whole exposition fascinating to perusers can be testing. For expertly composed papers, call at 1-800-573-0840.

buy custom The Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers essay

purchase custom The Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers paper The Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers (MICA) patients are those people who misuse drugs due to their psychological sick wellbeing (Reid Silver, 2003). Those people who display serious dysfunctional behavior experience the ill effects of clinical issue and other mental issues presents an assortment of social, individual, political, and monetary difficulties both for program subsidizing and the arranging and execution of powerful reconstructive treatment programs (Reid Silver, 2003). Notwithstanding serious psychological sickness, the MICA patients may experience the ill effects of serious social, character, addictive, physical, or intellectual infection, which will require a treatment program to be very compelling in treating the patients. The wide scope of maladies that influence MICA patients has required the advancement of a lot of treatment models to cook for the various needs of the patients (Reid Silver, 2003). There is requirement for assessing the clinical viability of the treatme nt models so that to keep away from wastage of the constrained treatment assets and to improve the clinical treatment procedures for those patients who experience positive double conclusion (Reid Silver, 2003). This examination investigates the clinical effect of different program models on the intellectually sick synthetic abusers. Specialists select explicit examination factors and result markers to show the viability of each model in meeting the remedial objectives for patients, and to dismiss results that outcome from the contrasts between the treatment programs, for example, number of conveyed administrations, level of MICA persistent support, and populace contrasts. These markers encourage correlations of the result strength between treatment programs. All things considered, the pointers legitimately identify with the expressed objectives of the projects under investigation. Since the staffing design, area, objectives, and outplacement assets of the treatment programs are indistinguishable, and the patient populace having comparative attributes, the aftereffects of the examination ought to show the effect of the coordinated and sickness explicit program models as the best methodologie s in treating MICA patients. Distinctive treatment models may not be similarly successful in the treatment of the MICA patients. In this way, the program assessment results would be valuable to directors, program engineers, approach organizers, and officials who must structure and set up as a regular occurrence the best treatment program that will depend on the restricted assets (Kloss, Lisman, 2003). Notwithstanding deciding the best treatment and automatic methodology, this data can likewise be valuable in improving the nature of care for MICA patients with serious issues. The projects for treating the dually analyzed MICA patients fundamentally have a place with two classifications, in particular, incorporated program model and malady explicit program model (Kloss, Lisman, 2003). A malady explicit program centers treatment around trouble as the essential zone and limits the direness or significance of different regions of MICA persistent brokenness. A lot of medical clinic based emotional wellness projects an d substance misuse and fixation treatment programs model treatment programs model their treatment thusly (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). Research by Lessa Scanlon (2006) shows that A coordinated program model is regular in both network based settings and clinics, and its primary reason for existing is to give individualized treatment that can provide food for all territories of brokenness in a solitary program. Governments base the improvement of the program models more on political interests in the treatment of explicit MICA persistent populaces and accessibility of financing, and somewhat on clinical adequacy (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). There has been propagation of the program models discontinuity through the advancement of subjective and counterfeit regulatory divisions at the nearby, state, and government levels without considering the clinical proportions of the viability for different treatment program models (Reid Silver, 2003). Accordingly, it is conceivable that the vast majority of the award financed and open segment programs keep on profiting monetarily through different subsidizing streams without provable clinical achievement. This prompts the directing of basic funds from those treatment programs that utilize all the more clinically achievable models. Projects that grasp a self-drug theory consider concoction reliance to happen either as a method for dealing with stress for essential psychopathology or as side effects of psychological maladjustment (Reid Silver, 2003). They see patients as those people who use synthetic compounds for the motivations behind reducing the indications of mental issue, for example, tension and misery. The treatment objectives for these projects put more accentuation on upgrades in mental working (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). Clinicians anticipate the intellectually sick people and concoction abusers to change to mentally sound. The coordinated and ailment explicit treatment programs have a significant preferred position of diagnosing mental issues and offering treatment alongside the side effects of substance misuse. Notwithstanding, this is the fundamental hindrance of the models also. Making suspicions that psychological instabilities cause concoction misuse repudiates the likelihood that can cause the psyc hopathology (Reid Silver, 2003). Since the focal point of treatment is on the result of the essential psychological instability, issues of compound maltreatment that might be real clinical etiology may not experience treatment. Lessa Scanlon (2006) have affirmed that social shortfall ways of thinking of treatment consider psychological instability and compound dependence as because of social, natural, family or friend impacts. A great many people see the intellectually sick people and medication abusers as the results of medication accessibility, neediness, family brokenness, and peer pressure. Lessa Scanlon (2006) recommend that the goal of treatment in the incorporated and malady explicit treatment programs is to improve the social working of MICA patients by modifying their condition or adapting responses to saw stressors. Intercessions may include private treatment, going to self improvement gatherings, relational treatment, and gathering treatment, whose objective is to improve social aptitudes of the MICA patients (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). As indicated by Lessa Scanlon (2006), the principle weakness of grasping a social deficiency theory for treating the MICA patients lies in the sole treatment of social components for the multifaceted issues. This again implies the requirement for acknowledgment of extra treatment plots that relies upon the contending ways of thinking. By tolerating any of the essential suppositions alone, and relying exclusively upon a solitary scholarly position, professionals and scientists sustain the situation by remaining uncritical with respect t o the issues fundamental their models. Thus, this procedure has delivered administration barriers that have avoided or disheartened a lot of dually analyzed MICA patients from getting admission to, looking for, or effectively completing suitable treatment programs (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). Rather than delivering extra logical and subpopulation hindrances, the imperative inquiry for the two scientists and MICA treatment suppliers ought to be the manner by which the clinicians can best match patients over the span of their treatment to different models and projects so that to augment results in multivariate and bio-psychosocial treatment programs (Kloss, Lisman, 2003). The dually diagosed MICA patients have complex intelligent symptomatology and treatment needs that call for more incorporated methodologies than are commonly utilized (Reid Silver, 2003). In this way, all things considered, the incorporated treatment program would be progressively viable in the treatment of dually analyzed MICA patients when contrasted with a sickness explicit program. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that substance misuse and fixation present serious restorative difficulties, an increasingly prohibitive substance misuse model may offer expanded effectiveness for the MICA patients (Reid Silver, 2003). Assessment of the treatment results that different program models produce, treatment of the MICA quiet populace, should show the relative cost proficiency and clinical adequacy of every treatment program model. Inside the coordinated treatment model, every arrangement of care must incorporate components that address the issues of MICA patients in each period of r estoration and recuperation (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). Likewise, treatment programs must address levels of inability and seriousness with every recovery stage. For example, treatment programs must offer the types of assistance of intense detoxification for both non-crazy and insane patients; give gathering and individual treatment administrations for lightening different degrees of brokenness in both psychological instability and substance misuse; and convey administrations for balancing out psychosis, regardless of whether the MICA quiet is under dynamic substance withdrawal or not (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). In this way, the incorporated treatment program must contain an assortment of types and adequate quantities of clinicians to guarantee that there is modified and extensive treatment intrinsic in the program. A coordinated treatment program for MICA patients includes more exhaustive treatment methodologies and ways of thinking than the illness explicit treatment programs (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). Coordinated methodologies empower clinicians to utilize the most proper sort and level of treatment advances in the restoration of MICA patients at their degree of need. In this way, through customization, integrative treatment program will meet both the fixation needs and psychological wellness of the patient (Lessa Scanlon, 2006). The malady explicit treatment program is normally progressively conventional, requiring MICA patients to live up to its desires, rather than the program meeting the patients needs. Various substance misuse programs underline individual and gathering advising I

A Different Kind of Learning

A Different Kind of Learning Three days into my study abroad program and this is my classroom. Well we haven’t actually left the country yet, in many ways Detroit faces more challenges than the other cities we will be visiting during the course of the semester. I am spending the semester in Detroit; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Cape Town, South Africa; and Hanoi, Vietnam with a group of 30 students on a comparative urban studies program focused on understanding the different forces that shape cities and the challenges that they face. I can already tell that this semester is going to be very different from anything I have done at MIT not only because it is a humanities program, but also in the way we are learning. The IHP Cities in the 21st Century program is focused on experiential learning and learning from the community, so site visits, interviews and neighborhood days are just as important as the classroom sessions. I anticipate one of the strangest things for me this semester being the type of work we are expected to do. Typical for an MIT student, I am used to not a day going by without a problem set or math problem to solve. While I usually take one humanities course every semester, the majority of what I do is solving problems. There is a definitive end, and a specific course of understanding. Here on IHP, our work is primarily reading. We have already received eight different packets with readings for the next few weeks, and I am finding that I have to relearn how to learn, in a lot of ways. I am grateful that Course 1 allows me the opportunity to participate in a program such as this and I am excited to see how it intersects with my coursework at MIT, my internship experience this summer and my own interests. I am excited to interact with students from very different academic backgrounds, and have already learned a lot about liberal arts education, something I never even considered. I have to get back to my readings, but hello from Detroit, and expect another update soon, and lots of pictures of course (internet connection willing).

Light a Candle with Smoke (Flame Science Trick)

You know you can light a candle with another candle, but if you blow one of them out, did you know you can relight it from a distance? In this trick, youll blow out a candle and relight it by causing the flame to travel along a path of smoke. How to Do the Traveling Flame Trick Light a candle. Have a second source of flame ready, such as another candle, a lighter, or a match.Blow out the candle and immediately place the other flame into the smoke.The flame will travel down the smoke and relight your candle. Tips for Success If you have trouble lighting the smoke, try moving your flame closer to the wick because thats where the concentration of vaporized wax is highest. Another tip is to make sure the air is still around the candle. Again, this is so you maximize the amount of wax vapor around the wick and have a clear smoke trail to follow. How the Traveling Flame Trick Works This fire trick is based on how candles work. When you light a candle, the heat from the flame vaporizes the candle wax. When you blow the candle out, vaporized wax briefly remains in the air. If you apply a heat source quickly enough, you can ignite the wax and use that reaction to relight the wick of the candle. Although it looks like youre lighting the candle with smoke, its really just the wax vapor that ignites. Soot and other debris from the flame arent ignited. You can watch a YouTube video of this project to see a candle relight itself, but its even more fun to try it yourself. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Essay Kermit and Cognition - 1476 Words

Kermit and Cognition Dwayne White American InterContinental University Online Abstract Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Cognitive Development and Interactional Development are theories of learning based upon the idea that learning is an internal process rather than merely something that can be observed like behaviorism. Here I examine the three theories as they relate to a scenario of a young man attempting to learn to play a keyboard. The objective is to show the similarities and differences in the three theories and how each can be applied to a given situation. As Kermit is an adult, some of the more specific elements may or may not apply and each theory has gaps in it that make it incomplete of itself. Yet, each also†¦show more content†¦In the scenario of Kermit and the Keyboard, CIP explains how Kermit goes about the process of learning to play a song. He has already acquired the ability to read music and so now even though he may have never seen a particular piece of music before, he understands the symbols of written music and can incorporat e them and create an appropriate response by striking the appropriate key. Varying elements of the song require Kermit to access his encoding and decoding abilities, which enable him to play in different keys or different moods. This is an example of how CIP requires the creation of a cognitive map which allows information gained in one setting to be applied to another, unfamiliar one (Driscoll, 2005). Piagetian Theory While CIP explains some of the processes the information goes through in order to create learning, Piagetian theory is more relevant to the processes that the learner goes through. Kermit is an adult and so is presumably at what Piaget terms the formal operational stage (Piaget, 1950). This is the final stage of cognition for Piaget and as such there is little to offer specifically to Kermit’s case. However if Kermit had been a child, he would have first progressed through the sensorimotor stage in which he learns the physical feel of the keyboard and the placement of hisShow MoreRelatedKermit and the Keyboard969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Learning Processes of Kermit As I read the story of â€Å"Kermit and the Keyboard† I began to think of the learning processes that he engages himself in as he tries to accomplish learning task as it relates to playing the keyboard. In this story three cognitive theories can be recognized, analyzed and they are all believed to produce different learning outcomes. These three theories are the Cognitive Information-Processing Theory, The Piaget’s Theory of Development as it relates to learning andRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 Pages(SM) Clearly Visual Basic Programming with Microsoft ® Visual Basic 2010, 2nd Edition _Diane Zak (SM) Clinical Psychology, 8th Edition _ Timothy Trull, Mitch Prinstein (IM+TB) Cognition Theories and Applications, 9th Edition _ Stephen K. Reed (IM+TB) Cognition, 5E_Mark H. Ashcraft,Gabriel A. Radvansky ( IM+TB ) Cognition, 7th Edition_Margaret W. Matlin (TB) Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind, Research and Everyday Experience with Coglab Manual, 3rd Edition _ E. Bruce Goldstein (IM+TB) Cognitive

Classification of Literature Free Essays

string(79) " in a catastrophe in which the protagonist through his actions is brought low\." CLASSIFICATIONs OF LITERATURE I. Divisions of Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON| PROSE| POETRY| Form| Paragraph| Verse| Language| Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language| Metrical, rhythmical, figurative language| Appeal| Intellect| Emotions| Aim| Convince, Inform, Instruct| Stirs the readers imagination, present an ideal of how life should be and how life can be| A. Prose –is an ordinary form of written or spoken language without rhyme or meter, either fiction or nonfiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Classification of Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prose is writing that resembles everyday speech. The word prose is derived from the Latin word, â€Å"prosa† which literally means straightforward. Prose is adopted for the discussion of facts and topical reading and does not adhere to any particular formal structures other than simple grammar. Fiction  Ã¢â‚¬â€œisthe form of any  narrative  or  informative  work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the  author. 1. Drama –is the stage presentation of an action or story. It is a story in either verse or prose to be presented on stage. -a term generally applied to a type of literature that seeks to present actual life in brief intense form visibly in front of an audience. -a dialogue written for interpretation by several characters with directions from the author telling what the characters do and with directions giving the background or locale of the action. Playwrights–aredrama writers. Types of Drama: a. Comedy –is shown if man is victorious in the struggle of forces (not necessarily funny). b. Tragedy –is shown if man is overcome or defeated by the opposing forces (does not necessarily end in violence and death). 2. Short Story–is a brief story usually with one character or two and a simple plot. It can be read in a short span of time. Edgar Allan Poe –is the Father of short story and popularized this literary genre. 3. Novel –is an invented prose narrative that is usually long and complex and deals especially with human experience through a connected sequence of events. One example of a novel is fantasy novel which is often set in worlds much different from our own and usually includes magic, sorcery, and mythical creature. 4. Tale –is an imaginative narrative of an event usually a story of fantasy like folktales, fairy tales and tall tale. -reflects man’s desire to know the unknown. -full of magic, enchantment and fantastic situations. Though unreal, it is full of sound and practical wisdom that is real and worthwhile. -helps man find solutions to his daily problems by mirroring in the worlds created by his mind. 5. Fable–is a story intended to teach a lesson or morals in which animals are presented as characters. 6. Myth –is an anonymous, traditional story that explains a belief, a custom, or a mysterious natural phenomenon. -comes from the Greek word muthos, which simply means â€Å"story†. -were created out of human need to make sense of the universe and explain how the world and its human inhabitants came to be. 7. Legends –is a story coming down from the past and narrates the origin of a place, thing or object. 8. Folktales –is a story that is created by the â€Å"folk†Ã¢â‚¬â€the common people—and passed along orally from generation to generation. include legends, fables, tall tales, fairy tales, fairy tales, and ghost stories. -are entertaining stories about ordinary people who survive by luck, by using their wits, and by relying on their own natural goodness. * Nonfiction –prose writing that narrates real events. 1. Essay –a short piece of nonfiction prose that examines a single subject from a limited point of view. -comes from a French word, â€Å"essai† which means â€Å"an attempt or trial†. -was made popular by a German writer, Michel Eyquiem de Montaigne in 1580. He published two volumes of his short compositions which he called â€Å"ESSAIS†. Francis Bacon, the reputed Father of English Essay, write formal essays which were cold and objective. Two Major Types: a) Formal Essay –are usually serious and impersonal in tone. -they are written to inform or persuade, they are expected to be factual, logical, and tightly organized. -put emphasis on purpose and subject. b) Informal Essay –also called as Personal Essay. -generally reveal much about the personalities, mood, habits, likes, dislikes and feelings of their authors. -tend to be conversational in tone and looks into personal experiences and observations. . Biography –is a story of a person’s life na rrated or written by another person. 3. Autobiography –is a story of a person’s life narrated or written by himself. 4. Diary –is a daily record of transactions, observations, and events. -is a type of writing that records daily personal reflections, feelings and 5. History –is a chronological account or record of significant events affecting a nation or institution. 6. Chronicle –is a record of a series of events or mere listing of what happened. It does not evidence, comments or reactions. 7. News–is an information about recent and important events or developments either printed in newspapers or broadcast by the media. | 8. Anecdote –a brief and sometimes witty story that focuses on a single interesting incident or event, often in order to make a point or teach a moral lesson. Sometimes an anecdote reveals the character of a famous person. B. Poetry –comes from the Greek word â€Å"poiein†, which means â€Å"to make†. -a kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imaginations. uses figurative language that quickens and stimulates the imagination; adds to the effectiveness of the language; gives clearness, force, beauty and memorableness to our ideas. Types of Poetry: 1) Dramatic poetry –deals with plays in verse and which are performed on stage. a) COMEDY –is a play that shows that the hero is victorious against natural or human forces; not necessaril y funny. Example: Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream b) TRAGEDY –an important series of events in the life of a protagonist of high birth or noble status. The casually related events culminate in a catastrophe in which the protagonist through his actions is brought low. You read "Classification of Literature" in category "Essay examples" Example: Sophocle’s Oedipus Rex, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet c) OPERA–is a play usually set to music (sung) and with orchestral accompaniment; characterized by elaborate costuming, scenery and choreography. Example: Giuseppi Verde’s Aida d) OPERETTA –is a short amusing musical play. Example:Polished Pebbles 2) Lyric poetry–is subjectively and intensely emotional -characterized by its musical quality -comes from the word lyre, a harp-like stringed instrument. the love lyric poem plumbs comes from the depths of the human heart. -some early Greek lyricists are Archilochus, Callinus, Sappho and Pindar. Examples: The Eagle by Alfred Lord Tennyson, Love Poem by TitalLacambra-Ayala a) Ode –is elaborate lyric of majestic tone on a serious and dignified theme. It is usually written on a solemn or a highly momentous occasion and addressed in an exalted manner to some object or person. It echoes the emotions or feelings of the people. b) Song –is a short lyric poem intended to be sung. Songs may be sacred or secular, national or personal. Sacred songs –include hymns, anthems and religious lyrics. Secular songs –may be of any themes, or emotions. c) Sonnet –is a lyric of 14 iambic-pentameter lines according to a definite pattern. Two distinctive forms of these type of poetry are: i. Italian or Petrarchan sonnet –was perfected by Petrarch in the 14th century. It consists of an octet and a sestet with a rhyme scheme abbaabba,cdcdcd or cdecde or cddeee. The octet, which may be descriptive or narrative, leads to reflection or resolution in the sestet. ii. Shakespearian sonnet–a poem of three quatrains and a couplet with the rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefgg. The quatrains are so related that they lead to a significant statement of thought or conclusion in the last two lines. The sonnet as a form of poetry made its first appearance in the 16th century with the sonnet of Spencer and Sir Philipp Sidney. Shakespeare wrote sonnets on the accepted themes on love and friendship. Of the sonneteers, Wordsworth has been considered the most prolific. Most prominent of the 19th century sonnet writers was Elizabeth Barret Browningwhose â€Å"Sonnets From the Portuguese† had held great appeal especially to lovers all over the world. ) Elegy –is a poem of mournful tone on the theme of death characterized by a marked reflected element. 3) Narrative poetry Narrative poems describe or relate events. Lyric poems express the poet’s thoughts and feelings. Dramatic poems set forth life and character by means of speech and action. The following are examples of narrative poetry: a) Epic –is a long narrative poem that relates the grea t deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society. Most epics include elements of myth, legend, folklore and history. Most epics heroes undertake quests to achieve something of tremendous value to themselves—like the Gilgamesh—or to their society—like the hero of Virgil’s Aenied. Among the world’s greatest epics are the Greek â€Å"Iliad† and â€Å"Odyssey† attributed to Homer and the Anglo-Saxon â€Å"Beowulf†. These epics are called authentical epics having sprung as they were from the people and having no known author. b) Ballad –a song or songlike poem that tells a story. Most ballads have a regular pattern of rhythm and rhyme and use simple language and refrains as well as other kinds of repetition. Ballads usually tell sensational stories of tragedy, adventure, betrayal, revenge, and jealousy. c) Metrical tale –is a short narrative verse intended to be read in one setting. Its subject matter is drawn from life and may deal with any subject matter and any class of people. Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales† falls under this category. d) Metrical Romance –is a long, rambling love story in verse which appeals to the sense of the marvelous. It is largely concerned with the adventures and exploits of brave knights, romantic love, deeds of chivalry and religious pursuits. The characters and events are far removed from reality, often passing into the realm of the purely fantastic. The Arthurian tales are the best known of the metrical romance of the middle ages. FIGURES OF SPEECH Figure of speech  Ã¢â‚¬â€œisthe use of a  word  or  words  diverging from its usual meaning. It can also be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a  phrase  with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a  rhetorical figure, figurative language  or a locution. Figures of speech provoke a thought process and bring depth to the language. To be able to use them well is an art, which can be mastered over time. The more you read, the more you will be able to understand. With the help of the following figures of speech examples, you too can master the art of using them appropriately. The following figures of speech are commonly used: 1. Simile –a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things by using a connective word such as like, as, than or resembles. Examples:a full moon like an accusing face skinas white as snowflakes an actor’s hand opening more gracefully than a blossom cloudsresembling stuffed animals 2. Metaphor –a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things without using any connective words. Direct metaphor –states that one thing is another. The starts are icy diamonds† -Hewas a lion in the battlefield. Implied –like â€Å"against her black formal gown, she wore a constellation of diamonds† which implies a comparison between diamonds and stars and between the black gown and a night sky. 3. Metonymy –is the use of an attribute of an object or of something closely associated it to represent that object. Examples:The counsel to the defend ant addressed the bench. The pen is mightier that the sword. 4. Synecdoche –is a figure of speech that substitutes a significant part of something for the thing itself. Examples:50 heads of cattle (â€Å"head† is used to mean whole animal) The president’s administration contained the best brains in the country (â€Å"brains† is used for intellectually brilliant persons) 5. Personification –a kind of metaphor in which a nonhuman thing or quality is talked about as if it were human. In poetry, personification invites the reader to view the world as if natural and inanimate objects possess the same feelings, qualities and souls that people do. Examples:hands of a clock, an angry sky, a tree that looks at God all day 6. Hyperbole –a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express a strong sentiment or create a comic effect aimed at either. -also called as overstatement or exaggeration. -often used to capture a sense of intensity or to emphasize the essential nature of something. Example: sweating to death in a stuffy room (hyperbole is used to express extreme discomfort) 7. Paradox –an apparently self-contradictory but is actually true or statement or sentiment that appears contradictory to common sense yet is true in fact. Example: she killed him with kindness, a well-known secret agent, 8. Oxymoron–combination of two seemingly contradictory or incongruous words. Examples: wise fool, deafening silence, cruel love, a stripper’s dressing room 9. Irony –a contrast or discrepancy between expectations and reality—between what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected and what really happens, between what appears to be true and what is really true. Irony in literature falls into three major categories: a. Verbal Irony–occurs when a writer or speaker says one thing but really means the opposite. Example: When you tell a friend who shows up an hour late for an appointment, â€Å"I just love being kept waiting in the rain†. b. Situational Irony –occurs when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate. Example: In Greek mythology, when Zeus falls in love with a mortal woman named Semele. Zeus promised to give her anything she wants. To his dismay, she wants to see him in his true form as the Lord of Heaven. Zeus reluctantly agrees, and he burns her to death. c. Dramatic Irony –occurs when the audience or reader knows something important that a character in the story or play doesn’t know. It can heighten a comic effect or generate suspense. Example: In Oedipus Rex, when the Corinthian messenger tells Oedipus that the king of Corinth has died of natural causes, Oedipus believes he has been released from the prophecy that he will murder his father. The audience, however, knows that the truth has yet to come to light. 10. Alliteration –refers to the repetition of any particular sound among words placed close together, in a sentence or line. These are mainly consonant sounds, but can be vowel sounds too. Example:Don’t delay dawn’s disarming display. Dusk demands daylight. Sara’s seven sisters slept soundly in sand. 1. Apostrophe–a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent or dead person, a deity, and abstract quality, or something nonhuman as if it were present and capable of responding. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclamation ‘O’. Examples of apostrophe are: Exampl es:O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? –  Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times. –  Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. 2. Onomatopoeia–thisfigure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions. Examples:The  buzzing  of bees. The  whirring  of the washing machine. Clap, squish, snort, and whine VERSIFICATION Versification –is the art of making verse. It is based on the principles of prosody (theory of which versification is the practice. Verse –is the language in which the recurrent elements of rhythm exhibit patterns that can be identified and measured. Basis of Verse in English: 1. Accent or Stress –in all words of more than one syllable, one syllable is pronounced with stress more than the others. This emphasis is a combination of pitch, duration, loudness and timbre (accent or stress). Two kinds of syllables: stressed and unstressed 2. Foot –a metrical  unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. Four kinds of feet: a. Iamb or Iambic –refers to one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example: aBOVE ^| / ^| /| ^| / ^| /| ^ / ^| /| ^| /| The| falling| out| of| faithful| friends,| renewing| is| of| love|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | b. Trochee or Trochaic –refers to one stressed syllable followed one unstressed syllable. Example: Apple / ^| / ^| /| ^| / ^| Double,| double| toil| and| trouble| c. Anapest or Anapestic –refers to two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example: unconcerned ^| ^| / ^| ^| /| ^| ^ /| I| am| monarch| of| all| I| survey| d. Dactyl or Dactylic –refers to one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. This is the reverse of anapestic. Example: TENderly /| ^| ^| / ^^| Take| her| up| tenderly| 3. Meter –refers to a measure or patterned count of a poetic line. -the number of feet in a line. The number of metrical feet in a line is described as follows: * Monometer— one foot * Dimeter— two feet Trimeter— three feet * Tetrameter — four feet * Pentameter — five feet * Hexameter — six feet * Heptameter — seven feet * Octameter— eight feet 4. Stanza –group of lines of fixed number, meter and rhyme pattern, repeated throughout the poem. Some of themore usual stanza forms are: a. Couplet –two lines, u sually rhyming b. Triplet –a unit of three lines of verse c. Quatrain –a unit of four lines of verse d. Quintet –a unit of five lines of verse e. Sextet or sestet –a unit of six lines of verse f. Rhyme royale or Chaucerian stanza –consists of seven iambic pentameter lines with the rhyme abc bb cc. . Spencerian stanza –consists of eight iambic pentameter and an Alexandrine (an iambic hexameter line). h. Blank verse –iambic pentameter lines without rhymes. i. Free verse –is a verse free of the essentials of rhyme and meter. Rhythm:  the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. Scansion:  describing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and counting the syllables. Thus, when we describe the rhythm of a poem, we â€Å"scan† the poem and mark the stresses (/) and absences of stress (^) and count the number of feet. The scansion of this quatrain from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 shows the following accents and divisions into feet (note the following words were split: behold, yellow, upon, against, ruin’d): ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | That| time || of| year || thou| mayst || in| me || be| hold || | | | | | ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | When| yel || low| leaves, || or| none, || or| few, || do| hang ||   | | | | | ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | Up| on || those| boughs || which| shake || a| gainst || the| cold,| ||   |   |   |   |   | ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /| ^| /|   |   |   |   |   | | Bare| ru || in’d| choirs || where| late || the| sweet| birds| sang ||   |   |   |   |   |   | From this, we see the rhythm of this quatrain is made up of one unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable, called an iambic foot. We also see there are five feet per line, mak ing the meter of the line pentameter. So, the rhythm and meter is iambic pentameter. 5. Sound –refers to the sensation preserved by the sense of hearing. In poetry, there are three forms of sound as follows: Rhyme –this is the matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. There are four types of rhyme: a. End Rhyme –when the corresponding sounds happen at the ends of line. b. Internal Rhyme –when the corresponding sounds happen within lines. c. Exact or perfect rhyme –the rhyming words share corresponding sounds, stresses and similar number of syllables. d. Imperfect or slant rhyme –the rhyming words do not exactly share corresponding sounds. 6. Imagery –refers to the specific details that stimulate senses or the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling or idea. Images can either be one of the following: a. Visual Image –it is something seen b. Aural Image –it is something heard c. Tactile Image –it is something felt d. Olfactory Image –it is something smelled e. Gustatory Image –it is something tasted f. Metaphorical or Symbolic Image –this suggests an idea or feeling beyond what a given image literally image describes. 7. Diction –means choice of words in reference to their effectiveness, clearness or correctness. However, it is also important to know what these words imply or indicate. There are two types of getting meanings, that is, either denotation or connotation. Denotation is also known as the dictionary meaning while connotation refers to a meaning apart from the thing explicitly suggests or describes. How to cite Classification of Literature, Essay examples

AMC Study Guide Essay Example For Students

AMC Study Guide Essay This is a role that the mother naturally wants to fulfil due to the bond from birth with her children which makes her attached to her child. Therefore a mother wants to care for her child, yet may feel oppressed because she has been given the role of sole carer of her children while her husband has a mediocre role in the upbringing of a nuclear family. This situation shows how the family transmits oppression to women globally through isolation and gender roles where common nuclear family roles are assumed and carried out, sometimes out of necessity enhanced by a mothers natural bond with her children. Therefore children need their mother and after all, in a child-oriented society, what could be more reprehensible than an apparent neglect of childrens supposed needs? (Oakley, 1976, pp. 221). So, broken marriages or families oppress wives and their children and transmit oppression upon women globally by making them assume old fashioned gender roles while turning them off the idea of marriage due to its mental and physical workload, isolation, high failure rate and negative effects on children plus women when separation occurs. Writers such as Shulamith Firestone in the Dialect of sex'(1972), located the source of womens oppression primarily in their biology. Firestone states that the essential difference lay in womens reproductive role (in nature) and in the social construction of the nuclear family (in culture). However, biology of a women can not be changed, therefore it is cultural changes that must be changed in society possibly through the feminist movements that have increased womens rights to a certain degree at this time. So now women are trying to make cultural changes by becoming part of the male world but even when women are working, independent and not in a family they still feel that whatever career a woman may have, her most important role in life is still that of becoming a mother (Gilding, 1997, p. 207) which is a natural animal instinct. This leads to the realisation that even though women do oppress themselves through marriage and childbirth most women do still want to have babies and be part of a family due to their natural animal drive to bear children which occasionally clashes with thoughts of being freer and less oppressed. Women are now more often choosing to have a career first and a family later or not at all due to the varying levels of commitment and oppression placed upon women in marriage and childbirth. Therefore, most people do not live in a nuclear family. Nearly 50% of families include working female spouses, then only one in four Australian families conforms to the stereotyped nuclear family (2062AMC Study Guide, 2004, p. 55). This shows that the family has transmitted the oppression of women globally and that women are now more cautious and wise due to the knowledge of how families can oppress women. Therefore, women now usually choose to postpone a family until they are older and have already succeeded in the other areas of their life. Social, cultural and feminist affects on family oppression of women globally. Over time, there have been many changes in the way the family oppresses women globally, these changes are partly due to social, cultural and feminist effects. One social and cultural effect that previously oppressed women relates to how in the past birth control was considered a threat to the family. For example, conservative opinion forcefully maintained that birth control was a threat to the family. This belief that birth control was a threat to the family obviously led to a lack of knowledge in this area and became a source of young womens oppression. Thankfully, now due to health education and increased womens rights through feminist movements, birth control is widely used and it is considered a tool for successful family planning. .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 , .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .postImageUrl , .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 , .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:hover , .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:visited , .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:active { border:0!important; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:active , .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85 .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf15f0a74344297f69440611390ba0a85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Great Gatsby - Eden Imagery EssayFurthermore, the stigma that birth control is a threat to the family has been recognised in regard to the possibility that it encourages pre-marital sexual acts, yet it has been recognised by women that it leads to them having more choice and protection from unwanted pregnancies, thereby being freer and less oppressed. Gender oppression is another form of social and cultural coercion that helps the family to directly oppress women globally. Recent analysts seem to agree on the distinction between radical feminism, which holds that gender oppression is the oldest and most profound form of exploitation (2062AMC Study Guide, 2004, p. 65). This also relates to families that are not nuclear. For example, in the past many gay men and women lived in sham marriages rather than suffer the stigma of homosexuality (Gilding, 1997, p. 24). Therefore having a sham marriage and family can be a form of social, cultural, gender and family oppression forced upon gay women so they are more socially acceptable. Although feminists have challenged beliefs that any specific family arrangement is natural, biological, or functional in a timeless way. Also the recognition by feminists that normal family life has negative as well as positive ramifications sets it apart from the functionalist analysis of the family as a personal haven, a source of social, moral and spiritual support (2062AMC Study Guide, 2004, p. 70). However, the nuclear family remains the most successful and socially acceptable family system. Some feminists identify the family as a primary site, if not the primary site, of womens oppression and seek to abolish it (Barett McIntosh, 1982, p. 20). But others argue that feminism must acknowledge that most women have willingly identified marriage, children and a family with their own happiness (Barett McIntosh, 1982, p. 20). Therefore, feminists should be more concerned with reducing oppression within the family then condemning the family as the primary source of oppression. This is especially important when realising that the reason families oppress women is mainly due to society and cultural norms of behaviour and habit along with maintaining the system of the nuclear family, which has been one of the most successful family systems to date. But because there has been and is so many ways the family oppresses women then some of these reasons will be purely selfish, self-indulgent and related to the way society influences the family and males in the family, which inturn results in the outcome of males desiring to dominate and control women like their old fashioned fathers did. Feminist movements have had a very big effect on society and on women, by fighting for the increase of womens rights. But sometimes feminists go to far when placing all the blame on men or the family even if this is partly true.

Apple Cider Essay Research Paper The Young free essay sample

Apple Cider Essay, Research Paper The Young Students Learning Library defines agitation as a chemical alteration caused by many different sorts of bacteriums, casts, and barms. These different types of agitation give off certain chemicals. The chemicals found in most are enzymes. An enzyme is a chemical compound that makes the chemical reaction faster. Our organic structures besides have enzymes, which help the digestion procedure. Cider by UK definition is entirely or partially from the fermented juice of apples. In colonial times North Americans loved to imbibe the warm cyder to acquire them through long winters. Cider seems to hold been made in the Mediterranean basin around the clip of Pliny ( first century AD ) , around Europe. This is the place of Louis Pasteur. Louis Pasteur worked with the agitation and pasteurisation of vino and beer. In the UK and other parts of the universe difficult cyder has become popular. This is because of its five to seven per centum intoxicant content. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Cider Essay Research Paper The Young or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oppressing apples and acquiring the juice by machines makes cyder. Hard cyder is produced when the apples are allowed to ferment. The barm, which is already in the juice, ferments the sugar and turns it into intoxicant. To halt the cyder from botching it is pasteurized. The difficult cyder can even be turn into acetum ; when the bacteria transforms to alcohol to acetic acid. During the Thanksgiving and Christmas clip cyder is consumed. It has been apart of these vacations since the pilgrim yearss. Many people drink the difficult cyder at mealtimes with dinners. Because of the intoxicant degrees some drink it alternatively of vino. Bibliography Phillips, Micheal. Juice of the Apple. Season s Cheer. December 01, 1994. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.cgi? Idaho Cider. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2000 erectile dysfunction.

Global Warming Threats and Solutions

Global Warming Threats and Solutions Introduction There is little doubt that our earth is undergoing a gradual increase in temperature: global warming is real. Baffling statistics by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) indicate that the earth’s temperature has risen by roughly 0.6 degrees Celsius, the highest since the mid 1800s, further reports indicate that the duration from 1997-2003 were the hottest years ever recorded.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global Warming Threats and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Worst is yet to come as the United Nations committee on climate has predicted a temperature rise of between 1.8 to 6 Degrees Celsius by the end of the century which enough to melt all ice and polar caps (IPPC, pg. 2). This would spell disaster as many countries, cities and towns will be submerged, including the Netherlands and New York City. The threat is real and unless we act appropriately, almost half of a ll earth will be under the sea at the turn of the century. Natural or man-made? In the past few years, the threat of global warming has appeared real and this has led to debates over who or what was responsible for the condition. The media, politicians and the general population have been divided on this topic. Skeptics argue that human activities man is not the leading cause of global warming, they assert that climate will change continuously, as it has in the past, human activities not withstanding (Singer, pp. 1). However, to understand the actual cause(s) of global warming, we need to understand how the process occurs. Global warming is mainly contributed by Greenhouse gases, this consists of water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and Ozone. The highest contributor of these gases to the atmosphere is man. The Industrial Revolution had greatly increased the amounts of CO2, CH4, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere with levels of CO2 and CH4 inc reasing by 40% and 150% respectively since the mid 18th century. These values are the highest during the last 650,000 years, the last time CO2 levels were higher than this was roughly 20 million years ago (IPPC, pg. 1). The high levels of CO2 have been caused by burning fossil fuels and de-forestation, man is the cause of both (Simon et al, pp. 79). A recent study examined more than seven million studies of temperature, salinity, and other factors that affect the world’s water systems collected by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and compared them with predictions from computer simulations.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study found out that natural occurrences in the atmosphere, such as volcanic eruptions and the sun’s activities, could not sufficiently account for global warming. Simulations based on human activities, h owever, exactly corresponded to the observations (Henderson, para. 6). The study eliminated all possible causes of global warming and was left with one culprit: man. The study also simulated past and future consequences of global warming and the findings were nothing to be admired and cannot be merely dismissed. Global warming could cause disastrous effects in the future, for example, a study undertaken by a team of scientists led by Ruth Curry of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution found out that 20,000 square kilometers of ice in the Arctic melted between 1965 and 1995 (Henderson, para. 10). Continued melting at this rate could destabilize the ocean currents that keep Britain warmer than other European countries. Solution The evidence that man is responsible for global warming is admissible, therefore, solutions to global warming lies with us. The solution to global warming is quite simple, one does not have to make long journeys or spend large amounts of money, rather, implement ation of the strategies that are outlined below will assist in averting this menace (Pearson, para.4). The first step is energy efficiency. This is a very large topic and covers almost all facets of energy use contributing to global warming. Energy efficiency involves adoption of energy forms that limit global warming, also referred to as alternative or renewable energy. The three main sources of these energy forms are the sun, tidal and wind energy. Other forms include hydroelectric, geothermal, diesel and biodiesel energy forms. Solar and wind energy present us with a greener and more environmentally friendly energy options, besides being renewable, they can be harnessed from almost anywhere on earth. Another simple process of keeping global warming in check is to plant trees around the house, school or in any open field. As simple as it may sound, this goes a long way to eliminating the Greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, making the earth cooler. Other outdoor activities such a s using bicycles or walking over short distances instead of using a car are very pivotal in reducing the levels of Greenhouse gases. We should strive to recycle materials around the house, especially non-biodegradable types such as packaging material. Plastic packaging bags can be re-used to reduce the environmental damage related to these materials. The manufacturing process of plastic bags also leads to an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global Warming Threats and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion If everybody follows these rules, we would be helping ourselves and even the future generations by preserving the earth. If all of us take a role in preserving the earth, the cumulative effect would be significant to cause a drop in the level of Greenhouse gases, hence the earth’s temperature. Henderson, Mark. New proof that man has caused global warming. Ti mes Online.  Web. IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.  Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pearson. Mastering biology. 2010. Web. https://www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com/northamerica/masteringbiology/ Simon, Eric, Reece, Jane, Dickey, L. Jean, and Dickey, Jean. Campbell Essential  Biology. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2010. Singer, Fred. Global Warming: Man-Made or Natural? Imprimis. Vol 36, No. 8, August 2007.

World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World War II - Essay Example The understanding of what caused the war and how different countries entered into war has been complicated by Adams. Adams (20) indicates that the blame of World War One was on Germany. This made Hitler to be filled with rage considering in his view that the myth of the cause of the war held a bit of truth, but not the entire truth. This brings about the complications. â€Å"No Easy Answers† Unlike the simple version of history that suggested that it would be easier to defeat dictator countries if they were stood up against earlier, Adams says that the exact timing to stand against the dictators was not precise; he goes on to give an example of Italy, Britain and France that united against Germany in the mid1930s (Adams 21). Adams says that the nation waited until 1939 to fight, unlike Italy that had earlier fought its dictators in the mid 1930s and had ended up depleting its military resources. Those that fought in 1939 were stronger because they had more advanced equipment. What confuses the reader is the fact that the idea of fighting the Germans earlier was never explained at all. ‘Appeasement’ as tried by Britain and France according to Adams (21) was thought to be the cause of the war but like the ‘deterrence’ for the US and allies also failed. ... Some people were of the view that people were capable to govern themselves. This stirred arguments from those opposing the issue, stating that self-government caused indecisiveness and chaos, they argued that the nations needed stronger leaders. â€Å"The Patterns of War, 1939-1945† Adams discusses how the war progressed. The Germans used the defensive tanks during war. The Germans were defeated and this was caused by the fact that the left their intact imperial military and administrative elite that never supported democracy. They were of the right wing group who were violent defenders of German honor (Adams 24). The two had an objective of destroying communists and overturn the Versailles treaty. The Germans employed a defensive combat strategy; they were on a mission to ensure victory. Russia was important in defeating the Germans because they would have aided in the stand against Hitler. The year 1942 was a â€Å"swing year† because it was in that year that many uni ts of war were less successful because of the Russian counter attacks. Unlike the others, Germany defense was more effective. Japanese strategy during the war was to expand its territories in Asia and the needs for raw materials that they dint have. This was the same strategy that the Germans in which the end was the defeat of both groups. â€Å"A New World† The last chapter of Adam’s book has been named â€Å"A New World†. This is so because after the war, the American soldiers were to return to their states. It was a new world out of the war zones and back to their societies who were awaiting their return. The end of the war led to a very bitter relation between the two strong nations that were rivals during the war. When the veterans returned home, some were welcomed back while some had hard

Perceptions of Online Learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perceptions of Online Learning - Research Paper Example ople who were interviewed fall between 17 and 25 years, and many of them are single.2 Since the majority of the students are -usually single and under the age bracket of 17-25, I conclude that the representativeness of the sample is fair since the majority of the surveyed students falls under these demographic characteristics. As shown in Table 2 (a), if the students were to take a fully online unit, the largest number of them agrees that email communication with the lecture would be the most helpful, while many of them disagree with the argument that online unit would be better for learning than class discussions. The extent to which students find different situations helpful are as ranked in table 2(a), starting with the least helpful to the most helpful (this is based on the mean). The standard deviation for the helpfulness of chat rooms if the highest, meaning that students strongly differ on this issues, while many of them share common opinion regarding the usefulness of power point slides (STD: 1.13657>0. 79434). As shown in Table 2 (b), the biggest number of students agrees that fully online units require reliable internet. On the other hand, the least number of the students declare that they are very interested to take fully online units, which is evidence that many students do not value/like online learning. Based on the standard deviation, very many students have divergent views regarding the fact that fully online learning leads to better visibility of course outline and study materials. However, many students share common view on the fact that many students may be unprepared by the overwhelming commitments required study fully online units (Std. Deviation is smallest at .81784). As shown in figure 3, the histogram is corn shaped due to lower standard deviation. Table 2(c) shows that the largest number of students agree that good support by lectures is very important when they are taking a fully online unit, while very few of them agree that guest

Motivation Of Volunteer Tourists And Leisure Traveling Decisions Tourism Essay

Motivation Of Volunteer Tourists And Leisure Traveling Decisions Tourism Essay Travel experience is, restrictedly, perceived as seeking relaxation including sun, beaches, shopping and freedom. However, volunteering could actually be happened during a vacation or become the main reason of the trip which highly involved in the local culture (Maureen, 2006). According to the Tourism 2020 Vision report made by the United Nation World Tourism Organization, which normally abbreviated as UNWTO, international tourism will possibly encounter a 4.1% increment of annual growth rate on average from 1995 to 2020 meaning to around 1.56 billion visitors. However, travel promotes not only world peace and friendship, but economic inequalities, cultural and environmental deteriorations (Poelzl, 2002). Figure 1: Conceptual map of alternative tourism (Mieczkowski, 1995, p459) Mass tourism mainly consists of purchasing standardized products and visiting those prevailed and well-developed tourism destinations (Robinson Novelli, 2005). Having more leisure time and higher purchasing power triggered the desire to have different experiences (Hall Weiler, 1992). Nowadays people are looking for unique, novel and meaningful travel experience to satisfy themselves (Robinson Novelli, 2005). Due to globalization, nations become closer neighbours, and unveiling each others problems. Closeness helps the less fortunate and raises the environmental awareness (Uriely, Reichel Ron, 2003). It gives raise of alternative tourism, which including a diversity of tourism forms into niche markets such as nature and special interest tourism which is abbreviated as SIT. SIT offers customized leisure and travel experience according to increasing needs from the individuals (Derrett, 2001). For instance, several projects related to volunteer tourism and ecotourism have been actively promoted mainly in developing countries while conservation projects have been executed in developed countries (Britton, 1977; Saglio, 1979; Wearing, 2001). SIT travellers involve in cultural and leisure activities developing their special interests, gained insights and satisfied themselves by fulfilling the higher level of needs namely self-esteem, belonging and self-actualization (Neulinger, 1982; Henderson, 1984; Hall Weiler, 1992; Wearing, 2001, 2004). Volunteer tourism is a potential profitable market as the majority of this segment are higher educated and more sensitive to the environmental and social costs they brought (Hall Weiler, 1992; Lynne, 1993). Volunteer tourism and ecotourism both offer an alternative tourism experience and their underlying focus is sustainability in order to ensure the impacts on destination are minimized (Sofield, 1991, Wearing, 2001). Both forms are aiming to balance development to meet present needs without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generation (Mieczkowski, 1995; Wearing, 2001). This can be found by the fact that volunteer tourism pays special attention to the environmental and social carrying capacity, coinciding with the aims of sustainability (Colton, 1987; Wearing, 2001). 1.2 The Global Development of Volunteer Tourism Since 1915, the phenomenon of overseas travelling of international volunteers, existed and is supported by a range of organizations and groups around the globe (Gillette, 1968; Clark, 1978; Beigbeder, 1991; Wearing, 2004). However, it was not being regarded as a tourism form. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, which is abbreviated as OECD, estimated over 33,000 overseas volunteers engaged during 1990 (Beigbeder, 1991; Wearing, 2001, 2004). Furthermore, the renowned guidebook, Mcmlillon, noted there were 75 organizations in 1987 (Campbell, 1999), with contrast to 275 in 2003. In addition, there are other sources also suggesting the significant growth in volunteer-based organizations (Holder, 2002; Brown Morrison, 2003; Brown, 2005). Based on a survey of over 300 volunteer tourism organizations worldwide, it is estimated overall market has grown to 1.6 million volunteer tourists a year, with a total market value of between GBP 832 million and GBP 1.3 billion (Association for Tourism Leisure Education, 2008). The most substantial growth in the sector has taken place since 1990 (Association for Tourism Leisure Education, 2008). These figures show a rapid growth in volunteer tourism. The popularity of alternative tourism has increased significantly such as volunteer tourism and ecotourism (Wearing, 2001, 2002; Mustonen, 2005). This is further witnessed by leisure travellers desiring to connect with locals and their culture in order to stimulate and fulfil their need of cultural immersion by combining travel, adventure and service (Brown Morrison, 2003; Hall Raymond, 2008). Several reports indicated 77% of organizations are non-government such as Youth Challenge International and Earth-watch, while 13% are commercial such as i-to-i, 5% are government ran such as Volunteer Service Aboard New Zealand, and 3% are operated by universities like University of Californias University Research Expeditions Programme (Ellis, 2003; Board, 2003; Coghlam, 2008). 1.3 The development of SIT and volunteer tourism in Hong Kong SIT is still developing in its infancy stage in Hong Kong. Despite the fact that little Hong Kong residents thoroughly know about SIT, a number of volunteer travel service suppliers do exist in Hong Kong. For-profit tour operators such as Hong Kong Study Tours Centre (Hong Kong Study Tours Centre, 2007) organize conservation volunteer tours to Australis and New Zealand for students. Other volunteer travel opportunities are usually provided by non-profit organizations. For instance, International Youth Culture Exchange Association (H.K.) Ltd. occasionally provides volunteer tours for secondary students and undergraduates. These volunteers will usually be involved in teaching English and simple hygiene knowledge in China (International Youth Cultural Exchange Association (H.K.) Ltd., 2007). Global Neighbor Network is dedicated to promoting volunteer tourism in Hong Kong by organizing volunteer tours regularly to different needy communities such as Sri Lanka, Kenya and Jordan (Global Ne ighbour Network, 2006). It has also worked with local universities such as medical students from The University of Hong Kong to provide basic medical care and treatment for patients in Indonesia. Besides, volunteers in Global Neighbour Network will partner with international volunteers in Global Hope Network to participate in different volunteer tours. Other non-profit organizations involved in volunteer tourism include Yellow House, Volunteer Space and LoveFaithHope Charitable Foundation. Due to insufficient awareness of the general public, volunteer tourism is still not very well-known in Hong Kong and the number of participants is limited, yet it has been gaining popularity in these few years. Both secondary school and undergraduate students are given more opportunities to give back to the needy community in China, although they may only do voluntary work for one or two days of the entire tour and engage in cultural exchange activities for the rest of the tour. In addition to students, religious groups make up most of the volunteer travellers in Hong Kong. They will visit various impoverished places on mission travel, with some of the time spent on volunteering. In general, they will provide education and development aid in the needy communities. 1.4 Problem Statement Volunteer tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon around the world. Though there has been increasing research on the motivational factors of volunteer tourists, little of such research has been done in the Asia-Pacific context, let alone within the Hong Kong context. It is of paramount importance to understand the travel motivation of volunteer tourists because it is the driving force behind their behaviors (Schiffan, Bednall, OCass, Paladino Kanuk, 2005). In addition, studying their perceived value of the volunteer trips will help to determine their intentions to recommend and repurchase the volunteer travel opportunities (Petrick, 2004a; 2004b). This research is designed to explore why Hong Kong residents participate in volunteer tours, what motivates them and what their perceived values towards their volunteer trips are. With a better understanding of the aforementioned issues, tourism marketers and professionals and potential service providers such as travel agencies will be a ble to identify if there is any market potential to organize more volunteer tours and diversify the tourism products in Hong Kong. The results of this study will help non-profit organizations to better understand why people choose to volunteer overseas, then they will be able to segment and target the markets, create tailor-made volunteer tours to recruit more warm-hearted people to become volunteers, as well as develop appropriate marketing strategies to promote volunteer tourism in Hong Kong. 1.5 Objectives To examine the motivational factors behind Hong Kong residents towards volunteer travel. To examine the perceived constraints of repeat participation among volunteer tourism among participants. To examine the influence of a volunteer tourism experience on future leisure travel decisions. Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter offers a review of the literature with reference to the theme and research purposes of this study. There are four sections in this chapter. The first section will define volunteering and volunteer tourism. Second, tourism motivation, development of motivational theories and volunteer motivation is reviewed, followed by a summary of previous related research on volunteer tourism. The concept of perceived value an individual holds when evaluating travel experience is then discussed. The summary section will provide a conclusion of this chapter. 2.1 Volunteering vs. Volunteer Tourism Volunteer tourism, or also known as Voluntourism or volunteer vacation, actually combined two major elements which obviously are volunteering and travelling. More accurately, it contains the motivations of both volunteering and travelling sides and shows how they pertain to and interplay with each other. 2.1.1 Volunteering Volunteering is widely perceived and defined as freely chosen and generally providing aids and services for the host community simultaneously without any incentive to gain any financial rewards from them (Beighbeder, 1991; Van Til, 1979 cited in Stebbins, 1982). Supposedly volunteering or voluntary service is both beneficial to the community and the well-being of the volunteers (Cnaan et al., 1996; Stebbins, 1982) since it could build up a social network and develop a mutual understanding, friendship and adventurousness between each other (Gillette, 1968; Wearing, 2001, 2004). Volunteering may benefit volunteers in acquiring skills such as communication skills, teamwork and interpersonal skills which would absolutely be useful for their career (Broad, 2003; Brown Lehto, 2005). It provokes participants contemplation, encourages their concerns for others, offers them with an opportunity to develop an interest and creates a sense of deep personal fulfillment (Stebbins Graham, 2004). S tebbins (1992) also suggests that volunteering may achieve volunteers self-actualization, recreation or renewal of self and feelings of accomplishment. The volunteer is the one who gains mutual learning, friendship and adventure (Gillette, 1968). Volunteers from all age groups will most likely feel happier and less depressed. Neulinger (1982) and Henderson (1984) both noted that volunteerism and leisure fulfil higher level needs such as self-esteem, belonging and self-actualization. 2.1.2 Volunteer Tourism Volunteer tourism is slightly like an expansion of volunteering. Undoubtedly it includes the motivation of volunteering and, meanwhile, involves desires or incentives of travel. The term volunteer tourism intends to the tourists who organize to provide voluntary service during their vacations which is described by Wearing (2001): aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments, or research into aspects of society or environment In fact, the definition of volunteer tourism has become gradually ambiguous since a large number of individuals, who are willing to spend most of the time during vacation on volunteering, may not perceive themselves as volunteer tourists. However, there is a conceptual framework of volunteer tourism developed to classify volunteer tourists into different classes (Callanan Thomas, 2005). The framework was drawn on another framework related to ecology (Sylvan, 1985 cited in Callanan Thomas, 2005, pp. 196-197). It mainly divided volunteer tourists into shallow, intermediate and deep class based on the duration of their trips, their required skills or qualifications, degree of both passive and active involvement, level of contribution to the host communities and focus of the experience. Another way to classify the volunteer tourists basically depends on their mindsets. Volunteer tourists should be further divided into two types. Some of them may be willing to spend most of or even all of their holidays on volunteering, they, therefore, are identified as volunteer-minded tourists. The other type of volunteer tourists are identified as vacation-minded tourists who will possibly just treat volunteering as a short-term, may be only a half-day or up to three days out of a trip, activity during their vacation. (Brown Morrison, 2003; Brown Lehto, 2005, p. 480). 2.2 Motivation As motivation is a very significant variable in the contribution of explaining peoples travel behavior, this section aims at providing a comprehensive literature review on tourism motivation and volunteer motivation. The definitions of motivation and tourism motivation will first be given, followed by a description of the development of motivational theories. 2.2.1 Travel Motivation To understand travel motivation, a variety of scales and theories have been proposed and empirically tested in the tourism literature. Many researchers have used motivational theory to try to interpret the motivations of tourists. Wahab (1975) argued that travel motivation is so basic, essential and fundamental while doing tourism studies or tourism development. Generally, motivation is usually defined as the driving force behind all actions (Crompton, 1979; Fodness, 1994). At the meantime, motivation would be a key factor influencing ones travel decisions and be closely related to their psychological needs to explore something they have never met in their home countries. Travel motivations will probably be affected by any changes occurred in ones life stages. However, travellers may commonly be influenced by a certain number of motivators other than just one. (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2003). 2.2.2 Tourism Motivation Theories A few definitions have been developed for tourism motivation. Dann (1981 cited in Snepenger et al., 2006, p.140) stated that tourism motivation is: a meaningful state of mind which adequately disposes an actor or a group of actors to travel, and which is subsequently interpretable by others as a valid explanation for such a decision Crompton and McKay (1997) built their definition of tourism motivation on those suggested by Crompton (1979) and Iso-Ahola (1989 cited in Crompton McKay, 1997). Crompton and McKay (1997, p.427) which included the concept of optimal arousal level. For example, homeostasis (Snepenger et al., 2006) helped describe tourism motivation as: a dynamic process of internal psychological factors that generate a state of tension or disequilibrium within individuals. Moreover, Fodness (1994) and Crompton (1979) agreed and suggested that more knowledge of tourism motivation were necessary to assist tourism marketers in understanding individuals travel patterns so that they could develop and promote tourism products according to customers needs and wants. Over the years, a myriad of tourism motivational theories have been developed. There are some prominent theories which contribute to a better understanding of why individuals choose to travel. 2.2.3 Motivation Theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs When discussing motivation theory, Maslows five-stage hierarchy of needs ought to be of the utmost importance. It emphazizes human needs could be differentiated into five different levels from extrinsic to intrinsic needs. These five levels are also in hierarchical order of increasing motivational importance. From the least to the most importance, they are physiological, safety, social, self-esteem and self-actualization need (Maslow, 1970). This hierarchy could be highly related to the travel industry since it mentioned individuals will less likely be interested in high-level needs if they cannot meet their physiological and safety needs. It implies the individuals will less likely be interested in travel. Additionally, Self-actualization could be considered the end or goal of leisure (Mill Morrison, 2002). Analyzing all five stages can derive some potential hints and clues to help understand the motivation of volunteer tourism. 2.2.4 Motivation Theory Travel Career Ladder (TCL) TCL is actually partly based on the Maslows Hierarchy of needs. According to TCL, tourists who own more experience would more probably seek satisfaction of higher needs (Pearce, 1991; Ryan, 1998). It reflects travel motives are changing according to life span and accumulated travel experience (Ryan, 1998; Schewe, 1988) and describes travellers motivation as consisting of five different levels, respectively they are relaxation, safety or security, relationship, self-esteem and development and self-actualization or fulfillment need. Normally travelers are not dominated by only a level of need but a set of needs. They will not always remain in the same stage and will probably descend as well as ascend on the ladder. 2.2.5 Push and Pull Factors Except the two hierarchical needs of human mentioned above, there is a two-tiered scheme of motivational factors, push and pull factors. Several theories also refer to these two factors to carry out, for example, Iso-Ahola personal interpersonal motives. Push factors mean all social-psychological motives which push individuals to go travelling. They are intangible and more like intrinsic desires of individuals, for instance, relaxation and exploration. On the other hand, pull factors mean those external forces which affect or attract individuals to travel to fulfill their identified wants. Any tangible things including the architectures, historical resources and the intangible elements including local culture, the attractiveness of the destination itself can also arouse travellers interest (Andreu, Bigne Copper, 2000). However, a travel is normally occurred based on the reason why individuals would like to leave their home country rather than the appeal of the destination which lure the travellers to visit. Travellers motives and behavior are markedly self-oriented (Witt Wright, 1992). Obviously, the push and pull factors may not be perceived appropriate to understand the motivation of volunteer tourism because 2.2.6 Motivation of volunteers being engaged in voluntary services Altruism (Bussell Forbes, 2002; Callanan Thomas, 2005) and doing something meaningful (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991 cited in Ryan, Kaplan Grese, 2001) are believed to be the central motives for individuals to participate in volunteer work. Individuals who desire to assist others are more likely to become volunteers. However, egoism may probably be included in the motivation of volunteers as well (Bussell Forbes, 2002; Ryan, Kaplan Grese, 2001). Participating in voluntary work can actually provide individuals with change to satisfy their social and psychological needs (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991 cited in Bussell Forbes, 2002). The first self-interested motivation is social which involves volunteering together with ones family members and old friends to strengthen kinship and friendship (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Ryan, Kaplan Grese, 2001) as well as meeting new people with similar interests. The next motivation is learning and career. Volunteers may learn deeper about the natural environment (Bruyere Rappe, 2007); develop new skills and abilities which may be useful with ones career (Broad, 2003); obtain job-related experience and explore career opportunities which may aid future employment or career advancement (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Riecken, Babakus Yavas, 1994 cited in Bussell Forbes, 2002) Another prominent motivation of volunteer is values and esteem. Volunteers can share their core values and thoughts with other people (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Clary Snyder, 1999); gain a sense of self-worth as well as boosting self-esteem (Bruyere Rappe, 2007; Bussell Forbes, 2002). Some of the less obvious reasons for people to volunteer may include a desire to wear uniforms which symbolize authority, mixing with celebrities, travel opportunities (Wilson Pimm, 1996) and religious involvement (Mattis et al., 2000). 2.3 Previous Related Research on Volunteer Tourism Having looked at travel motivation and volunteer motivation individually, it is necessary to review the previous studies on volunteer tourism. A very similar research on the motives and benefits of volunteer vacationers in the United States was done by Brown and Lehto (2005). They employed focus group and in-depth personal interviews as their data collection methods to gain a deeper understanding of this rarely researched phenomenon. The results showed that there were four main motives of why people volunteer while taking a leisure trip. First, travellers were motivated to volunteer because they would have precious opportunities to interact with local people and immerse oneself in the local culture and community (Brown Lehto, 2005, p.487) Second, volunteer tourism was seen as a way to give back and make a difference in others lives, especially the less unfortunate. Third, travellers sought camaraderie on volunteer vacation trips. They were motivated by the fact that they would be ab le to make friends with people with common interests, values and minds. Fourth, volunteer tourism was perceived as an educational opportunity for children. It was believed that the volunteer experience would instil the value of giving to the younger generation in their lives. Another related motive was the opportunity to build a better bonding between parents and children. The major benefits of participating in volunteer tourism found in this research were greater satisfaction with the overall travel experience, self-fulfilment, opportunities to directly interact with the local community, the meaningful experience and wonderful memories, personal growth and enhancement of family relationships, Among the aforementioned benefits, self-fulfilment and personal growth were believed to have an enduring effect on individuals after the volunteer vacation trips. A case study conducted by Broad (2003) investigated the relationship between volunteers, their volunteering and the outcomes and impacts at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project (GRP) in Phuket. Four categories of motivation were identified in this study using qualitative method. Volunteers participated in the GRP because they wanted to travel to a different country and learn something about the country. They would like to obtain experience with reference to their studies and future career plans and they support conservation based on altruism. (Broad, 2003, pp.66-67). Their self-interested motivation was related to meeting like-minded people or developing their personalities. Her findings supported Gazleys (2001, cited in Broad, 2003) claim that both volunteer motivation and tourism motivation may apply to volunteer tourism. Similarly, it was found in Broads (2003) study that the volunteer travel experience had inspired some changes in the participants and their life. The experience was a life turning point for some of the volunteers, for instance, finding a career direction or entering into relationships with the locals. Other volunteers indicated that they had gained more confidence, knowledge and skills, and learned more about themselves. They had also developed a different view of life and the world. 2.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 Methodology The purpose of this research is to explore the motivations, constraints and how volunteer travel experiences influence travel decision among volunteer travellers. Since little academic research had been conducted in this area, especially in the Asia-Pacific context, no confirmed theories or methods were available to be adopted for this study (Brown Lehto, 2005). An exploratory study thereby seems appropriate to offer a better understanding of this research topic. The methodological issues were discussed in four sections: (1) research design, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis and, (4) limitations. 3.1 Research Design This is an exploratory research which is inductive in nature. The study used a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews (Brown Lehto, 2005). Qualitative research approach helped to gain more knowledge as to how individuals gave meaning to their volunteer vacation experiences (Halpenny Caisse, 2003). Simultaneously in-depth interviews provoked interviewees to express their thoughts which were neglected by marketers before so they can actually cater to the potential needs. (Patton, 1990; Jenning, 2001). The data gathered were helpful to reveal the what. how and, more importantly, explore the why for individuals to participate in volunteer travel (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2007). The value of the knowledge is largely based on the context and the use of the knowledge. (Steinar, 1996) It can, for example, be used to examine travellers attitude towards volunteer travel, and the knowledge gained used to motivate leisure travellers to join volunteer travel. In addition, the interviews embraced different kinds of interview questions so as to deeply examine why potential travellers in Hong Kong are motivated to join the volunteer travel. Introducing questions were used since such open-ended questions may 3.2 Data collection Since it was improbable to identify and interview all volunteer travellers in Hong Kong, the interviewees were chosen from a population of Hong Kong residents who had participated in any volunteer travel before. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect the data until the required sample size was reached (Jenning, 2001). There were 8 desirable interviewees invited to participate in the individual interview which fitted the required sample size determined by theoretical sampling principle (Glaser, 1992). Furthermore, the interview process lasted till the theoretical saturation, where no new ideas or themes could be developed. 3.3 Data Analysis The personal interviews were transcribed word for word immediately. Owing to the time limit, the researcher translated the Cantonese discussions directly into written English. The transcripts 3.4 Limitations Fundamentally people, time and place would be the major limitation of the research. Finding appropriate interviewees was the first to be concerned so the researcher kept asking referrals from friends. After finding the right people, the researcher needed to make respective appointments with all interviewees in terms of Secondary data were so limited that could not sufficiently cater to the needs of this research, detailed and in-depth data and descriptions were therefore required (Geertz, 1973; Jenning, 2001). However, secondary data sourced from newspapers, academic journals, websites and books were so useful to provide understandings of initial concepts. Chapter 4 Research Findings Development of volunteer tourism in Hong Kong is still in its infancy at this stage. Hence, the aims of this chapter are to look into and have a better understanding of the motivation and constraints of repeat volunteer travellers. In addition to exploring how the experience influence their leisure travel decisions. Findings of aforementioned eight in-depth interviews were concluded in terms of three research objectives. Original statements of the interviewees were used as evidence to support each concept. 4.1 Motivations of repeated participation in volunteer travel All of the interviewees showed that they are very likely to attend volunteer travel again. There were six major motivational factors found which can be dissected by and highly related to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1970). Altruism and broadening personal horizons can be defined as self-actualization, which is of the highest level of the hierarchy. Furthermore, changes of self-image can be defined as self-esteem, which is positioned in the second highest level whilst desire for escaping from daily bustling life and enhancement of social life belong to belongingness and love, which is of the middle level of the hierarchy. Apart from those could be analysed by the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, previous experience can either be one of the motives for taking volunteer travel again. 4.1.1 Altruism Personal altruistic desire for providing others with assistance and sympathy was stated by the interviewees as an important factor motivating them to partake in volunteer travel. Five interviewees considered it their first priority whilst other three interviewees considered it the second motivation. They volunteered, for example, to teach the local students, to provide necessities, to take care of the elderly and children, to bring happiness, to show love, and to encourage people to live under a stern environment. Three interviewees shared that it helped the organization to further understand the genuine needs amongst the locals, so more effective assistance could be provided in the future. I can help others or bring them (the local) caring and happiness to them. (Interviewee F) Most of their parents left them (local children) and work in other provinces, come back only one or two a year only. Theyre lack of parental love. (Interviewee A) One of the interviewee was eager to raise public awareness of the poverty gap between Mainland China communities and Hong Kong people. the number of participant is just 30, but if I spread the idea and my experience it would be many times than the number of participants. Perhaps, they know more after hearing from me, they are more interested in, and know the suffering of others in the world. Because I have my personal experience, it is more persuasive than the related TV episodes. (Interviewee E) So i think the children living in Hong Kong are having luxury lives. (Interviewee D) Similar concepts shared by all interviewees were meaningful because they felt happy with contributing to help and thus enhanced their sense of self-satisfaction and accomplishment. The word meaningful was mentioned at least once by each interviewee and three of them even emphasized this word for up to five times. It showed that participants looked for a meaningful experience in volunteer travel. I feel I gradually become kinder after volunteering every time as I am willing to help others even though I may not have contributed to the society a lot. Anyway, I learnt how to return the society rather than taking advantages from it. (Interviewee A) You can feel more satisfied with partaking in a volunteer trip and benefit much more from it than from ordinary travel., I

JetBlue Management Case Study Essay

JetBlue: Managing the Future In the airline industry, few players have managed to build a unique brand identity and achieve brand differentiation. JetBlue, however, has done so by taking up the niche position of a low-cost provider that also offers a top-notch experience that legacy airlines don’t deliver. JetBlue will maximize opportunity by maintaining its theory of the business and incorporating innovation as a core value through entrepreneurial management of resources resulting in new strategy. David Neeleman’s vision is to create a new kind of airline; one that would leverage technology for safety, efficiency and a commitment to their customers. Neeleman was convinced that his commitment to innovation in management, policies, and technology would keep the planes full and moving. JetBlue’s goal is to give customers exactly what they want in the form of an innovative product delivered by friendly crew members that believe in high quality service. Neeleman states in Innovator’s DNA that his strengths, â€Å"is an ability to look at a process or a practice that has been in place for a long time and ask myself, ‘Why don’t they do it this other way?’ And some times I find myself thinking the answer is so obvious that I wonder, ‘Why has no one else ever thought of this before?’† (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen 76). Neeleman is convinced that commitment to innovation regarding management, policies, and technology would keep airplanes full and moving. It is the theory of the business to provide high-class, convenient, and efficient service to their customers and an enjoyable, productive environment for JetBlue’s employees. Neeleman’s innovative personality as CEO has enabled JetBlue to create brilliant ideas such as the e-ticket system that provides consumers with incentives to reserve and purchase tickets from the company’s website. JetBlue knows that changes through out the industry occur continuously due to competitive imitation from other companies and through technological advances. Collis and Montgomery mention that â€Å"history is replete with examples of how technology has ruined companies and corporate strategies by substituting alternative resources for those on which a sustainable corporate advantage had been built.† (Collis, Montgomery 237). Neelman learned from the Southwest airline model but knew in himself that he could improve the  process. He understood that it was not just enough to just charge low priced fares since competitors could easily match on price. David Neeleman challenges the status quo in the experience of air travel and demonstrates his passion as an innovator by observing customer behavior, products/services, technologies and other air travel corporations. Neeleman spent a lot of time and energy discovering and testing ideas through a diverse network of individuals who were able to do the job well, while at the same time experimenting with fresh ideas. As stated in Innovator’s DNA, â€Å"interviews and observations revealed that innovative companies build the code for innovation right into the organizations’ people, process and guiding philosophies.† (Dyer, Gregersen and Christensen 170). JetBlue’s strategy is to combine common sense with innovation and technology to â€Å"bring humanity back to air travel† ***cite*** through incorporating innovation and creativity into their core values. JetBlue adopts a route structure that is a hybrid between the â€Å"hub-and spoke† system used by most legacy carriers, and the â€Å"point-to-point† systems used by many discount airlines. JetBlue has utilized Drucker’s theory of fustest with the mostest with a unique business model and by becoming the first â€Å"paperless† airline, substituting computer and information technology for everything from flight planning to aircraft maintenance to the sole use of e-tickets. Drucker explains, †the last of these innovative strategies deliver what is ‘value’ to the customer rather than what is ‘product’ to manufacturer. It is actually only one step beyond the strategy of accepting the customer’s reality as part of the product and part of what the customer buys and pays for.† (Drucker 395). David Neeleman believes JetBlue should focus on stimulating demand in under-served markets with low fares because he understood that his company is in the service industry, which is only enabled by the highly productive use of employees, aircrafts and strategic competitive pricing. By doing this JetBlue will improve the passenger experience with technology and would use technology to increase employee and aircraft productivity beyond those achieved by competitors. The theory and technology already have been tested and proven to be a competitive advantage as David Neeleman’s first airlines, Morris Air, became a pioneer i n ticketless travel in 1993 and was acquired by low-fare leaders at the time Southwest Airlines for $129 million. ***(unsure if this last part of the sentence regarding $129 million is necessary) **** To keep this competitive advantage, JetBlue has planned for the long term by buying out LiveTV in 2002 for $ 41 million from the company that supplied JetBlue with the cable television capabilities. This is why JetBlue chose the Airbus A320 because it was larger, more reliable and fuel-efficient than most aircrafts. By operating just one model of aircraft at the time, JetBlue was allowed to increase cost savings by simplifying maintenance issues, reducing spare-parts-inventory requirements, lowering training costs and increasing scheduling efficiency. Utilizing the Airbus as a sole aircraft type, JetBlue was able to standardize its training and service processes around the aircraft and also gain flexibility in scheduling and capacity management. For example, at JetBlue each pilot was provided with a laptop computer, which possessed all the flight plans that allow JetBlue pilots to perform pre-flight check themselves more efficiently. JetBlue began passenger flights in 2000, soon after becoming profitable the following year with a net income of $39 million and was profitable for the next three years until 2005. When the company reported a $20 million loss mainly due to the 52% increase in fuel price from the previous year, it resulted in $167 million in increased operational cost. Through proper management, JetBlue initiated a â€Å"Return to Profitability† program that involved improving capacity management, revenue optimization and cost reductions. While suffering a loss in the first quarter of 2006, the company was profitable for the remainder of the year, reporting a full-year loss of just $1 million and carried that success all the way into 2009 where the company reported $58 million in net income despite a $76 million loss the year before. All that did was reaffirm JetBlue’s confidence in committing itself in the â€Å"JetBlue Experience.† Managers are agents of transformation who rely on knowledge for the humanities, social sciences, and technology to perform his or her task of managing people to be capable of joint performance through common goals, values, and the right structure with proper training and development. By linking human resource practices to the company’s values and behaviors, JetBlue was able to ensure that it’s employees were productive, safe and customer-oriented. Aircraft utilization is also achieved through quick efficient turnarounds at the gate averaging 35 minutes, while utilizing its aircrafts more efficiently than any other airline by keeping each plane in the air for an average of 13 hours a day  and keeping the fleet productive by operating red-eye flights. This practice allows JetBlue to keep costs low by spreading its fixed cost over a great number of flights and available-seat-miles. Sustaining low operating costs enabled JetBlue to offer low rate fares to its customers, a quality that JetBlue prides itself in. JetBlue will be able to accomplish the goal of adding simplicity, technology, design, entertainment, and friendly people through its utilization of their top management team’s experience, (Dave Garger, John Owens and Ann Rhoades) who have all worked with competitive companies during its rapid growth years. The experience of top managers allowed management to take qualities from other airlines and apply those lessons in building a better JetBlue. By taking the five core values as a guide ***(what are the five core values)****, JetBlue will make sure that the right people with integrity are hired. JetBlue strives for simplicity in their computer technology, but also pay attention to cultural fit because it plays into the company’s theory of the business, that happy employees are a great source for recruiting their friends from competing airlines. JetBlue understands the importance of giving their consumers what they want and are able to continually adapt to the ever changing needs of their customers. JetBlue knows that by focusing on point-to point service to large metropolitan areas, it will be able to attract JetBlue’s target market that are, â€Å"fare-conscious travelers who might otherwise have used alternate forms of transportation or would not have traveled at all.† However, the company recognizes that high-quality service differentiates themselves from their competitors and that was the key to brin ging their customers back. However, JetBlue is increasingly courting a higher class of passengers who have the resources to pay a higher price for a business or first-class ticket, but appreciate a lower fare without sacrificing high-class customer service, especially when corporations are looking to reduce business travel due to tough economic conditions. Neeleman noted that one of the interesting things about the airline industry is that virtually all numbers about operations are in the public domain that allows JetBlue to research the demand for air travel in different market and at different prices. JetBlue uses their own online customer survey so they can respond rapidly to customer feedback. JetBlue needs to maintain innovation by continuing its strategy of using new airplanes, offering great personal service, creating a state of the art  revenue management system and single class service with competitive prices lower than the competition. JetBlue has a clear feeling of honesty, care and concern for customer satisfaction, not just corporate lip service to †service†. There will always be customer dissatisfaction, despite the company’s best efforts, but one the greatest differences between JetBlue and other airlines was the former’s proactive approach to correcting any wrongs that happened on flights. By centralizing the transfer of passengers during long journeys across the country, such structures allowed passenger to travel between numerous destinations without changing airlines. Despite the advantage of a hub-and-spoke model, this kind of centralization proved challenging if weather, maintenance problems or air traffic delays interfere with schedules. There was a demand after 2001 for smaller regional routes expanded as many airlines cut longer routes as a way to reduce costs. As JetBlue continued to adapt its product to meet the changing demands of it consumers, it decided to change its policy of a one model standard by adding the Embraer’s E190 to test and efficiently serve the potential medium sized market by offerings passengers a more comfortable flight than typical regional jets. In 2003 JetBlue demonstrated their ability to adapt their product by playing a significant role in designing the interior of the E190 to improve passenger’s comfort and increasing the range of choices available to JetBlue passengers by feeding customer to connecting A320 flights at focused cities. The synergy between the E190 and A320 enabled the A320 to feed int o E190 flights as well, resulting in higher loads and improved economics for JetBlue. JetBlue recorded a net income of $103.9 million and the company achieved a record stock price at $30 per share in 2003. Transfers at focus cities (New York/JFK, Boston, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale and Long Beach) would improve the utilization of existing airport facilities, increase productivity and reduce downtime for airport crewmembers. The diversification of aircrafts causes changes in pilot compensation, which leads to a lot of unhappy/ highly influential employees who are looking for higher pay. Steven Predmore, Vice President and Chief Safety Officer, notes that once the innovation of using non-skid flooring on the cargo bins of the E190 were used, it became a safety feature preventing baggage handlers from slipping on the floor. The issue was that loading procedures established with the A320 was to slide bags along the floor of  the bins, which resulted in increased loading time and the chances of an employee harming themselves with back sprains. In addition, the E190 also required changes in behavior and expectation for JetBlue’s existing customer. For example, overhead storage bins on the E190 were smaller than the A320, causing many passengers to be surprised and disappointed when asked to check their luggage at the gate. JetBlue is being asked to do too much in for a short period of time and the company’s human or technological resources are being stretched out too much, causing internal inconsistency that transform into bigger, external issues with the company’s strategy. The company now has to tell their customers to do two different things; which at the time they did not have the internal/communication infrastructure nor have the correct operations procedures in place to actually execute the complexity of the operations being run. Drucker states, â€Å"Innovative efforts that take the existing business out of its own field are rarely successful. Innovation had better not be â€Å"diversification†. â€Å"Whatever the benefits of diversification, it does not mix with entrepreneurship and innovation† (Drucker 363). An existing business innovates where it has expertise, knowledge of the market or knowledge of technology. Anything new will predictively be met with trouble and therefore, one must build entrepreneurial management to match that business. In JetBlue’s case, they were growing too quickly for them to manage as demonstrated on the February 12, 2007 ice storm (Valentine’s Day Massacre) when JetBlue eventually cancell ed 1,195 flights over a six day period due to the company’s cancellation policy, costing the company roughly $41 million. JetBlue’s development is based off the understanding of the conditions leading to the problems of February 2007 incident and taking initiatives. This was done through the IROP Integrity program that not only change the way JetBlue addresses disruptive events/ irregular operation (IROPs), but establishing a model for large-scale change in the company and installing confidence among employees that can work together to solve the most challenging problems. The IROP Integrity project was not intended to provide a static, permanent solution to the problem of cancellation, communication, recovery from disruptions within the industry. However, the aviation industry was constantly changing and the way Jetblue deals with IROPs would also need to evolve. The standardization of the cancellation desk effectively addressed  many of the problems posed by IROPs such as communication overload, prompt notification of crews, and dedicated focus on process. Crewmembers had previously believed that technology limitations restricted them from efficiently dealing with IROPs. The company’s ability to adapt is what saved itself after inciden ces like in 2007 as JetBlue hired â€Å"the right person,† Russell Chew, in 2008 who brought in experienced managers from other airlines, particularly those with an expertise in operations. The company began to change its focus from reacting to problems and overcoming them by heroic efforts, preparing for disruptions and focusing on pre-event rather than post-event. JetBlue displays care for their customers as they have issued a Bill of Rights in 2010, promising to compensate customers for inconveniences within the company’s control. Diversification itself rarely works because it has to adopt policies that create, throughout the entire organization, the desire to innovate and the habits of entrepreneurship and innovation. Through the IROP Integrity project, we now look at ways crew services could improve their processes, even with technology limitations. In fact 90% of IRO’s Integrity projects involved no technology improvements but processes, policies or training, all at relatively low cost. Many other small changes, such as adding groups to e-mail distribution, had been immediately implemented, but still other improvements have occurred simply as the res ult of people from different parts of the organization getting to know each other and understanding their responsibilities. The IROP Integrity model has become a JetBlue model for any large-scale change by bringing front-line crewmembers into the process of designing operation change and this is how JetBlue creates synergy. By building cross-departmental relationships through cross-functional/cross-level working teams and also building internal capabilities for project management and process improvement with (LEAN tools) to identifying sources of waste and inefficiency. The problems require more study, such as evaluation technology, working with other parts of the company, or analyzing what other companies do. By providing crew members and crew leaders the guidance, tools and opportunity to â€Å"learn by doing,† it created a collaborative, supportive, and corporate sponsored program. The changes came in many forms in technology, communication, and process flow; some involve the physical layout of critical facilities such as the System Operation Center (SOC). The  goal is to expand the â€Å"wisdom of crowds† philosophy, and tap all crewmember’s experiences to find solutions to the inconvenient problems as seen in 2010 when the company installed a new reservation system, a major cross-function change that it accomplished using some of the tools it had mastered during IROP Integrity. Companies tend to overestimate the value of very general resources in creating a competitive advantage in a new market. In JetBlue’s case t here is too much expansion within the company that led to problems in human resources. As Drucker states, â€Å"by and large, big companies have been successful as entrepreneurs only if they use their own people to build the venture. They have been successful only when they use people whom thy understand an who understand them, people whom they trust and who in turn know how to get tings done in the existing business; people, in other words, with whom one can work as partners.† (Drucker 363). JetBlue has experience most of its success through the understanding the importance of well trained employees that fit with the company’s core values of safety, caring, integrity, fun, and passion. Unlike mission statements that could be seen as hot air, values represents the bedrock for the development of human resource policies, practices and management style. JetBlue has talent in leveraging human resources by demonstrating quality care for their customers from one end to another and keeping the company union free. A great deal of this is accomplished through the company establishing its five core values that represent the characteristics of the company: Safety, Caring, Integrity, Fun, and Passion. JetBlue needs to continue to establish itself as a value-based company that is built on the principle to be extraordinary on the outside, as well as extraordinary on the inside. Hiring the best people and treating them exactly the way Jetblue expects their customers to be treated is essential to this goal of synergy throughout the whole company with fair compensation, benefits programs, accurate two-way communication, exquisite training, opportunities for career growth and a safe, enjoyable environment. JetBlue understands that above all, an airline is a bewildering array of teams, systems, and complex logistics. By coming together across work groups, JetBlue crewmembers discover efficiencies, learn from each other, and develop a corporate culture of team cooperation and team support. By customizing pay employment benefits packages, JetBlue creates incentives for employees to perform well  in the long run by working happy and efficiently or as Rhoades would say, â€Å"people donâ €™t complain when they have choices.† In Corporate Strategy, Collis and Montgomery state, â€Å"Inefficiencies arise inside the corporate hierarchy because individuals do not receive all the profit they generate. They therefore, do not have the incentive to maximize corporate profits, but rather to maximize their own welfare. As a result, levels of ability, effort and investment may be lower inside the corporation than in sole proprietorships.† (Collis, Montgomery 121). JetBlue utilizes the strategy of symbolic actions to maintain internal consistency by leading by example. The symbolic actions have little impact, but sends a visible and powerful messages to the employees of the organization that a change is necessary in order to commit similar mistakes like outgrowing its operation infrastructure to a point that it became unmanageable with very simplistic operating systems in place. As for the future, JetBlue remains one of the most responsive companies on Twitter and Facebook. Some might say they need to be, given the amount of confusion and concern their customers face on a daily basis. The reality is that air travel is unavoidably subject to delays, malfunctions and errors. So why would a company step into the fight, knowing it going to face a bit of a firestorm? Since companies like JetBlue earn a tremendous amount of customer satisfaction for being to step up and solve issues, they are able to help customers become more open and responsive to their marketing efforts. By leveraging social media to contain cost and differentiation, and leveraging an integrated customer service system to build a target marketing program that tailors messages to customer, it enables JetBlue to increase their effectiveness. JetBlue will also start targeting business travelers because JetBlue is in a unique situation given the current economic times. As a discount provider, who also focuses on customer service, JetBlue will be able to appeal to cost-sensitive business people that need to cut travel costs but don’t want to sacrifice comfort, convenience, and modernity. JetBlue should investigate opportunities to increase corporate travel partnerships because as Drucker states, â€Å"as the corporation moves toward a confederation or a syndicate, it will increasingly need a top management that is separate, powerful, and accountable. This top management’s responsibilities will cover the entire organization’s direction, planning, strategy, values and principles; it’s  structure, its relationship, its research, design and innovation. Top management will have to take charge of the management of the two resources common to all units of the organization: key people and money.† (Drucker 58). It is vital that JetBlue maintain balance in the three dimensions of a corporation as an economic and socially responsible organization. Work Cited Kazemi, Colleen. â€Å"Can Marketers Do More With Social Media?† Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 30 Aug. 0000. Web. 08 May 2013. Responsys. â€Å"Responsys Partners With JetBlue to Take Its Customer Experience to New Heights.† Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 13 Jan. 0000. Web. 08 May 2013. Drucker, Peter Ferdinand, and Joseph A. Maciariello. Management. New York, NY: Collins, 2008. Print. Collis, David J., and Cynthia A. Montgomery. Corporate Strategy: A Resource-based Approach. 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